The healthy home library
Health risks of damp and mould
What the UK government's health guidance says about living with damp and mould, who is most at risk, and what to do.
A little clarity.
A healthier home.
This page is general information, not medical advice. If you're worried about your health or someone else's, speak to a GP or call NHS 111. In an emergency, call 999.
How damp and mould can affect health
Breathing
Cough, wheeze and shortness of breath, and a higher risk of airway infections, including aspergillosis.
Allergies and asthma
New or worse allergic conditions such as rhinitis and asthma.
Eyes and skin
Eye irritation, including allergic conjunctivitis, and eczema or itchy rashes.
Mental health
Poor mental health from living in unpleasant conditions and worrying about physical health.
In 2019, damp and mould in English homes was estimated to be associated with about 5,000 cases of asthma and about 8,500 lower respiratory infections. In December 2020, two-year-old Awaab Ishak died from a severe respiratory infection caused by prolonged exposure to damp and mould in his home.
Who is most at risk
- people with health conditions such as asthma, COPD or cystic fibrosis
- people with weakened immune systems
- pregnant women and new mothers
- babies, children and young people
- older people
- people who are bedbound, housebound or have mobility problems
Is black mould worse?
The government's guidance doesn't sort mould by colour or species. It treats any damp and mould in a home as a risk to deal with, by fixing the cause. You don't normally need to find out which mould you have before acting.
What to do
- Find and fix the source of the moisture. See what causes mould.
- Clean small patches carefully with a mould and mildew product, wearing a mask, gloves and goggles. Larger areas should be removed professionally. See cleaning small areas yourself.
- If you rent, report it to your landlord in writing. See who has to fix it.
- If anyone has symptoms, tell the GP about the conditions at home.
Source: Understanding and addressing the health risks of damp and mould in the home, GOV.UK, updated 1 April 2026. Last reviewed September 2026.
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